Volume 1 Issue 3

Authors: Leonid I. Perlovsky

Abstract: Languages convey emotional as well as conceptual information. Conceptual contents of languages mostly reside in words and their semantic meanings. Emotional contents of languages mostly reside in language prosody (sounds). Conceptual contents could be borrowed among languages. Emotional contents are significantly determined by grammar, and cannot be easily borrowed. Conceptual and emotional mechanisms of languages are considered along with their functions in the mind and cultural evolution. Neural mechanisms are suggested as well as their mathematical models. These include neural modelling fields, dynamic logic, the knowledge instinct, the language instinct, and the dual model connecting language and cognition. Mathematical results are related to cognitive science, linguistics, and psychology. We consider an essential contradiction in human evolution: while evolving from animal vocalizations language evolution has required reduced emotionality. Yet, a language without emotions contains just “empty” sounds, disconnected from sensory-motor experience and “irrelevant to life”. Too “low” emotionality makes languages “irrelevant”, too “high” emotionality makes languages inflexible for acquiring new knowledge. We suggest approaches to quantifying these quoted, difficult to define notions. Experimental evidence and theoretical arguments are discussed. Approximate equations for evolution of human minds and cultures are derived. Their solutions identify just few types of possible cultures and language emotionalities leading to these cultures. We consider evidence and testable predictions. The proposed emotional version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that differences in language emotionalities influence differences among cultures no less than conceptual differences. We discuss future research directions.

Keywords: Language; Cognition; Basic Emotions; Prosodic Emotions; Knowledge Instinct; Language Instinct; Inner Form; Outer Form; Language Firmness; Dynamic Logic; Mind; Hierarchy; Dual model; Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis; Emotional Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

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Authors: Shlomo Hareli; Danny Klos

Abstract: Weiner’s [1, 2] attribution theory of motivation and emotion was used as a framework for explaining reactions of group members to their failure in a cooperative task when the group caused this failure. The results of two studies utilizing a new paradigm in which dyads perform a cooperative task requiring the assembly of a structure using Lego blocks are reported. All dyads who failed the task received feedback about the cause of their failure, which varied along the causal dimensions of controllability and stability. Overall, results indicate that the emotional reactions and behavioral intentions following the failure, including ones related to the group’s future, can be explained by the principles of attribution theory. This was true both for dyads comprising participants with minimal relationships between them (Study 1) and friends (Study 2). On the whole, the research extends the scope of attribution theory to causes that are construed at the group rather than the individual level and also provides an effective paradigm for the study of group failure and its consequences.

Keywords: Causal Attribution; Group Failure; Group Emotion

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Authors: Fakhrossadat n/a; Ghoreyshi Rad

Abstract: Women are important characters and subjects of discussion in Quran. It stresses the equality of women and men and explains that they are equal in creation and in the afterlife, but not identical. It states that men and women are created from a single soul. The current study investigates the identity, social status and concepts related to the women in Quran, the handbook of life of the Muslims in religious, social, psychological and cultural domains. The chapters and verses that consider the woman, her roles, duties and laws, have been reviewed. Among the verses, two verses have been explicitly named “Nessa” which means women and “Maryam”. Other verses descended about women’s adventures or their duties. The wide view of Quran on the basic role of woman in family and society has been explained in the verses referred to family or woman. In several places, the woman is shown as a pattern of identification, examples are: the wife of Aaron and Maryam. Method: the curriculum analysis approach, Material: the holy Quran, and Subjects: all the verses and chapters of the holy Quran. Conclusion: The rule of the holy Quran is that there is no difference between one human being and another, and it says: “We have created all human beings to be equally worthy of respect”. It mentions that heaven is for anyone who acts the divan rights.

Keywords: Gender Differences; Equality of Men and Women; Quran; Social Status; Woman

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Authors: S.N. Geetha; K. Vimala

Abstract: Computers play a role in many aspects of investing. Artificial intelligence is a technique of computing that is perpetually on the cutting edge of what can be done with computers. Artificial intelligence could apply to program trading, but also other aspects of investing. The techniques of artificial intelligence include knowledge- based, machine learning, and natural language processing techniques. The discipline of investing requires data identification, asset valuation, and risk management. Artificial intelligence techniques apply to many aspects of financial investing, and published work has shown an emphasis on the application of knowledge-based techniques for credit risk assessment and machine learning techniques for stock valuation. However, in the future, knowledge-based, machine learning, and natural language processing techniques will be integrated into systems that simultaneously address data identification, asset valuation, and risk management. AI has been widely adopted in such areas of risk management, compliance, and securities trading and monitoring, with an extension into customer relationship management (CRM). Tangible benefits of AI adoption include reduced risk of fraud, increased revenues from existing customers due to newer opportunities, avoidance of fines stemming from non-compliance and averted securities trade exceptions that could result in delayed settlement, if not detected.

Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI); Investment Decision-Making; Data Identification; Risk Assessment and Portfolio

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Authors: Kenji Hirata; Simone Laughton

Abstract: The structure and organization of skill and competency information within Information Technology (IT) systems to support learning, education and training have not been widely researched in the fields of e-Learning and learning science. Although there are IT systems (e.g., Learning Management Systems (LMSs), Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) that use and produce this type of information in the form of educational objectives, course content, learning resources metadata, and so on, very few systems are well integrated and capable of easily exchanging and managing competency information. Over several years, the Japanese government has developed several Japan national skills standards for lifelong learning, career development, and certification. They have had to address problems in terms of how various stakeholders can use, implement, and share the content of the information of skills specifications and standards using IT systems. Modules and architecture for skill and competency information content were needed in order to reuse and share this information and to optimize interoperability across various IT systems. Several reviews were conducted and modules and architecture were developed based on ontological engineering and practices. During this process, five types of expressions were discovered, and these were used as a basis to support further modularization. Based on the modules, a system-architecture to deal with the semantics of skill and competency information was developed.

Keywords: Competency Modeling; Competency Management; Human Resources Management System; Semantics Technology; E-Learning; E-Portfolio

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Authors: Tomasz Smolen

Abstract: A unifying and optimising model of decision making is presented in this paper. The model is based on two hypotheses: that there is one general strategy of decision making which can recreate many specific strategies depending on some environmental parameters, and that human decision making is rational if we take into account all cognitive limitations, features of the environment and the task that an agent actually attempts to solve. Testing of the model aimed to verify specific hypotheses about the match between the model’s predictions and the empirical data and the existence of some phenomena expected due to the workings of the model’s hypothetical mechanism, as well as the aforementioned general hypotheses about decision making. The model’s performance has been found to be consistent with subjects’ results. Particularly, the model has a better match to data than other related models.

Keywords: Decision making; Rationality; Mathematical Modelling

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